All About Chocolate · 精读课程

1篇章精读

先通读全文 1–2 遍（可听朗读），再进入后面的模块逐项过关；阅读英文正文时点击任何单词即可查词，加入生词本后可在右下角「📖 生词本」中复习、导出。

📋 本课概览

Reading A-Z Leveled Reader · 说明文（Expository Nonfiction）· 作者 Robert Charles
Level U（F&P Q / DRA 40） · 适合小学高年级～初一 · 蓝思约 700–800L · 建议分 3 次课完成（约 90–120 分钟）

  • 词汇：掌握 23 个核心词（可可、发酵、精炼、砍刀、莫雷酱……），能认读、能造句。
  • 句子：会拆解强调句、原因从句、either…or、被动语态链等 8 类长难句结构。
  • 篇章：看懂说明文「总—分—总 + 工序线」结构，识别 5 种说明方法。
  • 思维：用思维导图梳理全文，完成三级复述挑战。
  • 输出：仿写说明文段落、写一篇「巧克力简史」短文。
🔥 读前热身 3 问（带着问题读）：① 巧克力是树上长出来的吗？② 可可豆要经过哪几道工序才变成巧克力？③ 可可豆曾经是怎么当钱用的？

📖全文精读（英文原文 + 中文参考译文）

加粗的词是本课核心词汇。用下方播放器播放原版配套音频（mp3 全书朗读）；每章标题旁的「▶ 原音」按钮会从本章开始播放。

🎧 原版配套音频 · 全书朗读（17:20）

0:00 / 17:20
从本章播放：
结构分析已并入各章末尾（默认折叠）：阅读不被打扰，读完一章点开「📐 本章结构分析」对照复盘。
🏗 全文骨架（总—分—总）—— 先看整体，再读全文

这是一本典型的说明文：全书沿一条「工序线」推进——先看巧克力长在哪，再看豆子怎么一步步变成巧克力，然后跟它走一段两千年的历史之旅，最后落到今天的世界。

Introduction 总起全世界都爱巧克力
提问式开头
➜
分说① 长在哪Where Chocolate Comes From
可可树·种植园
➜
分说② 备豆Preparing the Beans
摘荚→发酵→干燥
➜
分说③ 工厂变形From Beans to Chocolate
烘烤→精炼→浇模
➜
分说④ 历史之旅History of Chocolate
2,000 年四大转折
➜
分说⑤ 今天Chocolate Today
消费榜·健康彩蛋
➜
总结 Conclusion世界最受欢迎的甜食
首尾呼应

Introduction p.4

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.4
So many ways to love chocolate
chocolate cakedoughnutchocolate barmilkshake
💬 THINK & SAYWhich one is your favorite sweet thing to eat?

Ask people about their favorite sweet thing to eat, and they'll probably say it's chocolate. People around the world love chocolate. They love it so much that every year they eat more chocolate than any other sweet.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 1 段（Introduction · 3 句）

① Ask people about their favorite sweet thing to eat, and they'll probably say it's chocolate.

📐 they'll = they will，缩读。probably「大概、很可能」，副词放在 will 后面。问别人最爱吃的甜食，他们八成会说：巧克力。
📐 favorite 最喜欢的 + to eat 不定式作后置定语＝「最爱吃的东西」。开篇用提问式开头，一句话拉近距离。

② People around the world love chocolate.

📐 around the world 全世界，高频介词短语。写作文时用它替换 everywhere，立刻加分。

③ They love it so much that every year they eat more chocolate than any other sweet.

📐 so…that… 结果状语从句：「爱到这种程度，以至于……」。so much 修饰 love。
📐 比较级 + than any other…＝「比其他任何甜食都多」——用比较级表达最高级的意思。注意 any 后面的 other 不能丢：把自己排除在外，逻辑才严密。

If you have ever wondered where chocolate comes from and how it's made, then read on.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 2 段（Introduction · 1 句）

① If you have ever wondered where chocolate comes from and how it's made, then read on.

📐 If 条件句 + 现在完成时 have ever wondered「曾经好奇过」。ever「曾经」和完成时是好搭档。
📐 where 和 how 引导两个宾语从句，都作 wondered 的宾语。read on「继续读下去」。这句是典型的钩子句：勾着你往下读。
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

问问人们最爱吃的甜食是什么，他们八成会回答：巧克力。全世界的人都爱巧克力——爱到每一年吃掉的巧克力比任何其他甜食都多。……如果你曾经好奇巧克力从哪里来、又是怎么做出来的，那就继续读下去吧。

📐 本章结构分析 · Introduction（p.4）
段落功能
开篇点题 + 提问式开头，一句话勾住读者
信息脉络
全世界都爱（so much that）→ 每年吃得最多（more than any other）→ 勾子句邀请你读下去（If you have ever wondered…）
主旨句
People around the world love chocolate. They love it so much that every year they eat more chocolate than any other sweet.
说明方法
列数字（any other sweet 的比较）设问（wondered…then read on）

Where Chocolate Comes From p.5-7

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.5
Where cacao trees grow
equatorAmazon Riverwestern Africa

It might surprise you to learn that chocolate actually grows on trees. That doesn't mean that you can pick a chunk of chocolate from a tree branch and eat it. In fact, the chocolate growing on trees looks, tastes, and smells nothing like the chocolate you eat.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 3 段（Where Chocolate Comes From · 3 句）

① It might surprise you to learn that chocolate actually grows on trees.

📐 It might surprise you to learn… 形式主语 it：「了解到……可能会让你吃惊」。might 表委婉推测。作者先抛出一个反常识的事实，吊足胃口。
📐 actually「其实、实际上」，纠正你原有想法的信号词。看到它就问自己一句：我原以为什么？

② That doesn't mean that you can pick a chunk of chocolate from a tree branch and eat it.

📐 a chunk of「一大块」。chunk 指「厚实的一大块」，比 piece 更有分量感——巧克力块常用它。
📐 from a tree branch 从树枝上。branch 树枝，下一章就是可可树的植物课。

③ In fact, the chocolate growing on trees looks, tastes, and smells nothing like the chocolate you eat.

📐 In fact 事实上，承接上句继续纠正误解。
📐 三个感官动词并列：看起来、尝起来、闻起来。三个动词共用一个主语，是排比修辞。
📐 nothing like「一点都不像」！not like 只是「不像」，nothing like 语气强得多。后面的 you eat 是省略 that 的定语从句。

The tree that gives us chocolate is the cacao (kah-KOW) tree. It is an evergreen tree that can grow to be over 40 feet (12.2 meters) tall. Chocolate comes from beans that are found in large pods on the tree. Cacao trees grow where it is hot and wet. Mostly, they grow near the equator. When young, these trees need protection from the wind and sun.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 4 段（Where Chocolate Comes From · 6 句）

① The tree that gives us chocolate is the cacao (kah-KOW) tree.

📐 that 引导定语从句修饰 tree：「给我们巧克力的那种树」。give sb sth 双宾语。
📐 cacao 可可树，括号里是书上的注音 kah-KOW。全书最重要的词登场：cacao 指树和豆，cocoa 指加工品——第 13 页的词源框专门讲这个区别。

② It is an evergreen tree that can grow to be over 40 feet (12.2 meters) tall.

📐 evergreen 常绿的，构词 ever（一直）+ green（绿）。常绿树，叶子一年四季不掉。
📐 over「超过」+ 数字＝40 多英尺，约 12 米，四层楼高。英文习惯先写英尺，括号里换算成米。

③ Chocolate comes from beans that are found in large pods on the tree.

📐 that are found 被动语态的定语从句：「被发现的豆子」。巧克力来自豆子——严格说，是树的种子。
📐 pod 豆荚、果荚，本课核心词。可可豆就住在这样的大豆荚里。

④ Cacao trees grow where it is hot and wet.

📐 where 引导地点状语从句：「在炎热潮湿的地方」。hot and wet 两个形容词并列，可可树的气候密码。

⑤ Mostly, they grow near the equator.

📐 mostly「主要地、大部分」。equator 赤道，地理拓展词：炎热潮湿，就是赤道附近。

⑥ When young, these trees need protection from the wind and sun.

📐 When (they are) young 省略句！主从句主语一致时，可省略主语和 be 动词。考试高频。
📐 protection from…「免受……的保护」。幼树怕风吹日晒，长大了才耐晒——像不像小朋友？
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.6
Flowers grow right on the trunk
plantationspodspollinate

The cacao tree originated in the Amazon River region of South America. Through the course of history, the tree spread to other parts of South America, Central America, and Mexico. It was also introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa, in 1870. Today, more than two thirds of the cacao in the world comes from western Africa. Brazil is the next largest producer.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 5 段（Where Chocolate Comes From · 5 句）

① The cacao tree originated in the Amazon River region of South America.

📐 originate in「起源于」，比 come from 高级的书面表达。亚马逊河流域是可可树的老家。

② Through the course of history, the tree spread to other parts of South America, Central America, and Mexico.

📐 through the course of history 在历史进程中——很有历史感的状语，历史章还会遇到它的兄弟。
📐 spread to 传播到、扩散到。spread 的过去式还是 spread，不规则动词。

③ It was also introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa, in 1870.

📐 be introduced to 被引进到——被动语态。谁引进的不重要，重要的是：树去了非洲。
📐 记住这个年份：1870 年传到非洲。为什么要记住？下一句告诉你。

④ Today, more than two thirds of the cacao in the world comes from western Africa.

📐 分数表达法：two thirds 三分之二，分子基数词、分母序数词；分子大于 1，分母加 s。more than「超过」。
📐 western Africa 西非。1870 年才引进，今天世界三分之二的可可产自西非——一百多年完成翻盘，这就是「后来者居上」。

⑤ Brazil is the next largest producer.

📐 the next largest「第二大的」。next 在这里不是「下一个」，而是「仅次于的」。producer 生产国，动词 produce。

Today, most cacao trees are grown on farms called plantations. It takes four to five years before a cacao tree begins to grow pods. Cacao trees have large, smooth, shiny green leaves that stay on the tree year-round. They have lots of small white or yellow flowers that bloom during the year. The flowers give off a bad smell that attracts flies to pollinate the plants. Some of the flowers change into pods, but most do not. Only about one out of every ten or twenty flowers will become a pod.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 6 段（Where Chocolate Comes From · 7 句）

① Today, most cacao trees are grown on farms called plantations.

📐 are grown 被动语态：被种植。
📐 called plantations 过去分词作后置定语＝「叫做种植园的农场」。plantation 种植园，本课核心词。

② It takes four to five years before a cacao tree begins to grow pods.

📐 It takes + 时间 + before…「要过……才……」。种下树要等四五年才结荚——急不来的农活。

③ Cacao trees have large, smooth, shiny green leaves that stay on the tree year-round.

📐 三个形容词排比修饰 leaves：大、光滑、有光泽。颜色词 green 离名词最近——多个形容词的排序有讲究。
📐 year-round 一年到头，复合副词，呼应上一段的 evergreen。

④ They have lots of small white or yellow flowers that bloom during the year.

📐 小小的白花或黄花。bloom 开花，动词。that 定语从句修饰 flowers。

⑤ The flowers give off a bad smell that attracts flies to pollinate the plants.

📐 give off 发出（气味、光、热）。花居然发臭味！
📐 attract 吸引；pollinate 传粉。臭味吸引苍蝇来传粉——大自然的怪招：不用蜜蜂用苍蝇。

⑥ Some of the flowers change into pods, but most do not.

📐 change into 变成。but 转折：大部分花变不成豆荚。

⑦ Only about one out of every ten or twenty flowers will become a pod.

📐 one out of every ten 十朵里才有一朵——分数的另一种说法。加上 only about「大约只有」，成荚率低得可怜，所以可可豆才金贵。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.7
From flower to pod
ripeharvestroots

The pods are shaped like little footballs. They grow on the trunk and larger branches of the tree throughout the year. Workers trim the branches to make sure that they get the most pods possible from the trees. The pods are green when they first form, but they change to a golden or reddish color as they get ripe. The pods are picked when they are ripe or mature. Since cacao tree roots grow close to the surface and are easily damaged, workers have to be careful not to step on the tree's roots when they remove the pods.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 7 段（Where Chocolate Comes From · 6 句）

① The pods are shaped like little footballs.

📐 be shaped like「形状像……」。豆荚像小橄榄球——打比方，画面立刻就有了。

② They grow on the trunk and larger branches of the tree throughout the year.

📐 trunk 树干。花开在树干上、果也结在树干上——可可树的奇特之处。
📐 throughout the year 全年。throughout 比 during 语气更满。

③ Workers trim the branches to make sure that they get the most pods possible from the trees.

📐 trim 修剪，园丁的活儿。to make sure that 不定式表目的。
📐 the most + 名词 + possible「尽可能多的豆荚」。possible 后置，这个语序要记住。

④ The pods are green when they first form, but they change to a golden or reddish color as they get ripe.

📐 when 从句 + but 转折 + as「随着」——一句里三种从句，读的时候拆开看。form 形成。
📐 golden 金黄的；reddish 微红的。-ish 后缀＝「略带……的」。绿变金黄或微红，就是熟了。

⑤ The pods are picked when they are ripe or mature.

📐 ripe 和 mature 是同义词并列「成熟的」——作者怕你一个不认识，给你两个。

⑥ Since cacao tree roots grow close to the surface and are easily damaged, workers have to be careful not to step on the tree's roots when they remove the pods.

📐 Since 引导原因状语从句：根长得浅。
📐 easily 容易地 + 被动 are damaged：浅根，一踩就伤。
📐 have to be careful not to do 必须小心别做某事。这句是长难句模块第 2 句：Since 从句 + when 从句双从句结构，到时候去模块③慢慢拆。
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

了解到巧克力其实长在树上，可能会让你吃一惊。但这并不意味着你可以从树枝上摘下一大块巧克力直接吃。事实上，长在树上的「巧克力」，无论样子、味道还是气味，都和你吃的巧克力一点都不像。……给我们巧克力的树叫可可树，是一种常绿树，能长到 40 多英尺（约 12 米）高。巧克力来自树上的大豆荚里的豆子。可可树生长在炎热潮湿的地方，主要分布在赤道附近。幼树需要遮风蔽日，长大后却能耐受全日照。……可可树起源于南美洲的亚马逊河流域。在历史进程中，它扩散到南美洲其他地区、中美洲和墨西哥，并于 1870 年被引种到包括非洲在内的世界其他地区。如今，全世界三分之二以上的可可产自西非，巴西是第二大生产国。……今天，大多数可可树种在叫做「种植园」的农场里。可可树要等四五年才开始结豆荚。可可树有着大而光滑的亮绿色叶子，一年四季常在；一年里会开出许多白色或黄色的小花。这些花会发出臭味，吸引苍蝇来传粉。一部分花会变成豆荚，但大多数不会——大约每十朵到二十朵花里，才有一朵能结成豆荚。……豆荚的形状像小橄榄球，全年长在树干和较大的枝条上。工人修剪枝条，好从树上收获尽可能多的豆荚。豆荚刚成形时是绿色的，成熟后会变成金黄或微红色。豆荚成熟后就被采摘下来。由于可可树的根长得离地表很近、很容易受伤，工人摘豆荚时必须小心，别踩到树根。

📐 本章结构分析 · Where Chocolate Comes From（p.5-7）
段落功能
卖关子 + 植物地理课：先破「树上长巧克力」的误会，再正式介绍可可树
信息脉络
反常识开场 → 可可树画像（常绿·12 米·豆荚）→ 地理传播（亚马逊老家→1870 入非→今 2/3 产自西非）→ 种植园细节（四五年结荚·苍蝇传粉·十花一荚）
主旨句
The tree that gives us chocolate is the cacao tree.
说明方法
打比方（pods are shaped like little footballs）列数字（40 feet / 2/3 / one out of every ten or twenty）

Preparing the Beans p.8-11

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.8
The first step: opening the pods
machetescoop800 beans

Taking the pods from the cacao trees is the first step in making chocolate. It's not the pods that are important—it's the 20 to 50 beans found inside the pods, which are actually the tree's seeds. It takes a lot of beans and a lot of work to make a kilogram (2 lbs) of chocolate. About 800 beans, removed from 20 to 40 pods, are needed. First, the pods are gathered, and then someone using a large blade called a machete (mah-SHET-ee) cuts each pod open with one or two forceful whacks. A skilled pod breaker can break open as many as 500 pods in a single hour.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 8 段（Preparing the Beans · 6 句）

① Taking the pods from the cacao trees is the first step in making chocolate.

📐 动名词短语 Taking… 作主语！「摘豆荚」这件事是第一步。动名词作主语，谓语用单数。
📐 the first step in doing… 做……的第一步。工序文的标准开场白。

② It's not the pods that are important—it's the 20 to 50 beans found inside the pods, which are actually the tree's seeds.

📐 强调句变体！It's not A that… — it's B＝「重要的不是 A，而是 B」。先把常识推开，再亮出真相。
📐 found inside… 过去分词作后置定语：「豆荚里找出来的」。
📐 which 引导非限定性定语从句，补充说明：这些豆其实是树的种子。这句是长难句模块第 1 句、全书最精彩的句子之一。

③ It takes a lot of beans and a lot of work to make a kilogram (2 lbs) of chocolate.

📐 It takes… to do「做……需要……」。两个 a lot of 并列：费豆子，也费人工。
📐 一公斤＝2 磅。做一公斤巧克力要多少豆？下一句的数字会让你吃惊。

④ About 800 beans, removed from 20 to 40 pods, are needed.

📐 过去分词短语作插入定语：「从 20 到 40 个豆荚里剥出来的」。双逗号隔开，读的时候先跳过、再回看。
📐 被动语态收尾：「需要大约 800 颗豆」。记住 800 这个数字，思维导图要用。

⑤ First, the pods are gathered, and then someone using a large blade called a machete (mah-SHET-ee) cuts each pod open with one or two forceful whacks.

📐 First… then… 工序信号词！读工序文把它们圈出来，顺序就不会乱。gather 收集。
📐 using… 现在分词作后置定语修饰 someone；called a machete 又是过去分词定语修饰 blade——两层分词套娃。machete 砍刀，本课核心词。
📐 whack 猛击（拟声词）；forceful 有力的。一两刀就开——熟练工的节奏。

⑥ A skilled pod breaker can break open as many as 500 pods in a single hour.

📐 as many as「多达」——强调数量惊人：500 个豆荚！
📐 in a single hour 一小时之内。single 强调「仅仅一个」小时。skilled 熟练的。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.9
Inside a cacao pod
pulpcream-colored

The beans are then scooped out of the open pod. The beans are not brown, as you might expect. Instead, they are cream colored and covered with a soft pulp. These beans are a long way from being the chocolate you know.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 9 段（Preparing the Beans · 4 句）

① The beans are then scooped out of the open pod.

📐 scoop out 舀出、掏出，被动语态。豆子被从开口的豆荚里舀出来。

② The beans are not brown, as you might expect.

📐 as you might expect「如你所料」，插入语。但注意前面先否定了：不是棕色的！

③ Instead, they are cream colored and covered with a soft pulp.

📐 Instead「而是、相反」，承上启下的转折词。
📐 be covered with 被……覆盖。pulp 果肉、果浆，本课核心词：包着豆子的软软一层。

④ These beans are a long way from being the chocolate you know.

📐 a long way from being…「离成为……还差得远」——形象的口语化表达。you know 是修饰 chocolate 的定语从句。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.10
Fermenting, then drying in the sun
fermentationdrysacks

The pulp-covered beans are put into piles or boxes and covered. As the beans come in contact with the air, they begin to change from a cream color to a purple color. The beans also change on the inside in a process called fermentation. Fermentation can take more than a week, but the fermented beans still do not taste or smell like chocolate.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 10 段（Preparing the Beans · 4 句）

① The pulp-covered beans are put into piles or boxes and covered.

📐 复合形容词：名词 + 过去分词＝「裹着果肉的」。连字符不能丢，作前置定语。

② As the beans come in contact with the air, they begin to change from a cream color to a purple color.

📐 come in contact with「与……接触」。一接触空气就开始变色。
📐 from A to B 从奶油色变紫色。As「随着」引导时间从句。

③ The beans also change on the inside in a process called fermentation.

📐 on the inside 在内里。外面变色，里面也在变。
📐 called fermentation 过去分词定语。fermentation 发酵，本课核心词、全书最重要的工序词！

④ Fermentation can take more than a week, but the fermented beans still do not taste or smell like chocolate.

📐 发酵要一个多星期——慢工出风味。
📐 still「仍然」——发酵完了还完全不像巧克力！别急，风味的种子已经埋下了。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.11
Off to the chocolate factory
💬 THINK & SAYWhat happens to the beans after they are dried?

After the beans have fermented, they are dried. The beans are either dried outdoors by spreading the beans on large mats in the sun, or they are taken indoors and dried by hot, dry air blown from pipes. As they dry, the beans are turned. Once the beans are dry, they are placed in large cloth bags and shipped to makers of chocolate.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 11 段（Preparing the Beans · 4 句）

① After the beans have fermented, they are dried.

📐 After 引导时间状语从句，从句用完成时 have fermented：发酵完成之后，才进入下一道工序。

② The beans are either dried outdoors by spreading the beans on large mats in the sun, or they are taken indoors and dried by hot, dry air blown from pipes.

📐 either…or…「要么……要么……」二选一结构。这句超长，是长难句模块第 3 句。
📐 by + doing 方式状语：「通过把豆子摊在大席子上」。spread 摊开。
📐 blown from pipes 过去分词作后置定语：「管道吹出的」热干风。

③ As they dry, the beans are turned.

📐 被动语态：豆子被翻动，晒得才均匀——像晒被子要翻面。

④ Once the beans are dry, they are placed in large cloth bags and shipped to makers of chocolate.

📐 Once「一旦」，引导条件状语从句，比 when 更强调「到那一步就……」。
📐 ship 运送（不只船运）。装进布袋，运往巧克力制造商——豆子的农场之旅结束，工厂之旅开始。
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

从可可树上摘豆荚，是制作巧克力的第一步。真正重要的不是豆荚，而是豆荚里那 20 到 50 颗豆子——它们其实是树的种子。做一公斤（2 磅）巧克力要用掉很多豆子、费很多工：大约需要从 20 到 40 个豆荚里剥出 800 颗豆子。先把豆荚收集起来，然后有人挥起一种叫「砍刀」的大刀，一两下用力劈开每个豆荚。熟练的剥荚工一小时内能剖开多达 500 个豆荚。……接着，豆子被从开口的豆荚里舀出来。如你所料之外的是，豆子并不是棕色的——它们是奶油色的，外面裹着一层软软的果肉。这时的豆子，离你认识的那种巧克力还差得很远。……裹着果肉的豆子被堆成堆或装进箱子里，再盖上。豆子一接触空气，就开始从奶油色变成紫色；内部也在一个叫「发酵」的过程里发生变化。发酵要花一个多星期，但发酵完的豆子尝起来、闻起来仍然不像巧克力。……发酵完成后，豆子要干燥。要么摊在户外的大席子上晒太阳，要么运进室内，用管道吹出的热干风烘干的。干燥过程中还要不断翻动。豆子干透后，装进大布袋，运送给巧克力制造商。

📐 本章结构分析 · Preparing the Beans（p.8-11）
段落功能
工序文第一棒：摘荚取豆 → 发酵 → 干燥，三道工序层层推进
信息脉络
强调句亮真相（重要的不是荚是豆）→ 数字震撼（800 豆=1 公斤）→ 砍刀开荚 → 发酵变色（奶油→紫）→ 两种干燥法 → 装袋运走
主旨句
Taking the pods from the cacao trees is the first step in making chocolate.
说明方法
列数字（800 / 20-40 / 500 荚每小时）顺序词（First… then… Once…）

From Beans to Chocolate p.12-15

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.12
Roasting brings out the flavor
roastshellsblend

Making chocolate from the fermented, dried beans is a very long and complicated process. First, the beans need to be cleaned, removing any remaining pulp or pieces of the pods. Then, chocolate makers blend different varieties of beans to make sure the chocolate has just the right flavor.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 12 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 3 句）

① Making chocolate from the fermented, dried beans is a very long and complicated process.

📐 动名词作主语又来了：Making chocolate… is…「把豆子做成巧克力」这件事，是……
📐 两个过去分词作定语：「发酵过的、晒干过的」豆子。complicated 复杂的——very long and complicated 又是一对好搭档。

② First, the beans need to be cleaned, removing any remaining pulp or pieces of the pods.

📐 need to be done 需要被……，不定式的被动式。
📐 removing… 现在分词作伴随状语：清洗的同时「除掉残留的果肉和豆荚屑」。remaining 剩余的。

③ Then, chocolate makers blend different varieties of beans to make sure the chocolate has just the right flavor.

📐 blend 混合、调配；varieties of 各种品种。像调咖啡一样调豆子。
📐 just the right…「恰恰合适的」——just 强调分毫不差。flavor 风味。

The cleaned and blended beans are roasted in order to bring out the chocolate flavor. This is the stage when the beans begin to smell like chocolate. As the beans are roasted, the thin shell that covers them grows brittle. The beans pass through a special machine that cracks their shells and blows away the pieces of shell with fans.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 13 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 4 句）

① The cleaned and blended beans are roasted in order to bring out the chocolate flavor.

📐 又见过去分词定语：「清洗过、调配好的」豆子。英文爱用分词前置，一个词说完定语从句的内容。
📐 in order to do 为了……；bring out 激发出、带出——烘烤把巧克力风味「带出来」。roast 烘烤，本课核心词。

② This is the stage when the beans begin to smell like chocolate.

📐 when 引导定语从句修饰 stage：「开始闻起来像巧克力的那个阶段」。stage 阶段。

③ As the beans are roasted, the thin shell that covers them grows brittle.

📐 that 定语从句修饰 shell。shell 壳，本课核心词。
📐 grow + 形容词＝「变得……」，grow 当系动词。brittle 脆的。烤一烤壳就脆了——为脱壳做准备。

④ The beans pass through a special machine that cracks their shells and blows away the pieces of shell with fans.

📐 pass through 通过、穿过。
📐 that 定语从句里两个动词并列：cracks 压裂 + blows away 吹走。一台机器两道工序写在一句里，fan 风扇。

🗺 边栏 · Cacao or Cocoa?（p.13 词源小知识）

When the products of the cacao tree made their way to English-speaking countries, the Spanish word <span class="en">cacao</span> became the English word <span class="en">cocoa</span>. Writers and speakers of English today still use the word <span class="en">cacao</span> when discussing the tree and its flowers, pods, and beans. People usually use the word <span class="en">cocoa</span> when discussing the many products that come from the beans.

可可树、花、荚、豆＝cacao；可可粉、可可脂等制品＝cocoa。一词之差，分清「原料」和「产品」——本书也一直遵守这个用法。

After the shells are removed, only the meaty part of the bean, called the nib, remains. The nibs are ground up and crushed until they become a liquid. The liquid is poured into molds where it cools into bars of bitter, unsweetened chocolate. The bars are then pressed until the most important part of the chocolate, a yellow liquid called cocoa butter, is removed. The cocoa butter drains through a screen and is collected to make the chocolate we eat.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 14 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 5 句）

① After the shells are removed, only the meaty part of the bean, called the nib, remains.

📐 meaty「多肉的」——豆子身上「有肉感」的部分＝豆仁。
📐 called the nib 过去分词定语：它叫 nib 可可豆仁，本课核心词。only…remains「只剩下豆仁」。

② The nibs are ground up and crushed until they become a liquid.

📐 ground 是 grind「磨碎」的过去分词，不规则动词。两个动词被动并列：磨碎、压碎。
📐 until 直到——磨到变成液体！豆仁含油，磨着磨着就出油成浆。

③ The liquid is poured into molds where it cools into bars of bitter, unsweetened chocolate.

📐 pour into 倒入；mold 模具，本课核心词。
📐 cool into 冷却成……。bars 条、块。bitter 苦的、unsweetened 无糖的——注意：这还不是我们吃的巧克力！

④ The bars are then pressed until the most important part of the chocolate, a yellow liquid called cocoa butter, is removed.

📐 被动：被压榨。press 压。
📐 同位语 + 过去分词定语：一种黄色液体，叫 cocoa butter 可可脂，本课核心词、「巧克力丝滑的灵魂」。

⑤ The cocoa butter drains through a screen and is collected to make the chocolate we eat.

📐 drain 流过、排走；screen 筛网。可可脂通过筛网流下去。
📐 被动 + 不定式表目的：被收集起来，做我们吃的巧克力。

After the liquid cocoa butter is removed, the solid part of the bar is ground into a powder. Cocoa powder is sent to dairies and bakeries to flavor baked goods and dairy products.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 15 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 2 句）

① After the liquid cocoa butter is removed, the solid part of the bar is ground into a powder.

📐 solid 固体的。压掉可可脂之后剩下的固体部分。
📐 grind 又来了！磨成粉——cocoa powder 可可粉的诞生。

② Cocoa powder is sent to dairies and bakeries to flavor baked goods and dairy products.

📐 dairy 乳品店、bakery 面包房。注意复数都变 ies。
📐 flavor 名词动用「给……调味」！baked goods 烘焙食品。可可粉的归宿：蛋糕、饼干、乳制品。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.14
Roasting → Shelling → Grinding
nibcocoa buttergrind

The chocolate we eat is made in the final step, called conching (KONCH-ing). Conching takes place in machines with big rollers. A mixture of sugar, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and other ingredients, such as milk and vanilla, is placed in the machines and then rolled and mixed until smooth. The smooth mixture is poured into molds and cooled. After it has cooled and solidified, the chocolate is removed from the molds and wrapped in packages for shipping.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 16 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 5 句）

① The chocolate we eat is made in the final step, called conching (KONCH-ing).

📐 final 最后的；called conching 分词定语。conching 精炼搅拌，本课核心词——来自法语 conche「贝壳」，因为早期机器长得像贝壳。

② Conching takes place in machines with big rollers.

📐 take place「发生、进行」，固定短语，不用被动语态。roller 滚筒。

③ A mixture of sugar, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and other ingredients, such as milk and vanilla, is placed in the machines and then rolled and mixed until smooth.

📐 A mixture of A, B, C, and D「……的混合物」——超长主语！这句是长难句模块第 4 句，主语里塞了四样东西。ingredient 配料，本课核心词。
📐 such as 比如，插入语举例。vanilla 香草。
📐 三连被动！is placed、(is) rolled、(is) mixed，共用一个 is。until smooth＝until (it is) smooth，省略句：「直到顺滑」。

④ The smooth mixture is poured into molds and cooled.

📐 又是一对被动：浇模、冷却。smooth 顺滑的。

⑤ After it has cooled and solidified, the chocolate is removed from the molds and wrapped in packages for shipping.

📐 solidify 凝固＝solid（固体）+ -ify（动词后缀）。构词法记单词。
📐 wrap 包装。for shipping 表用途：为了运输。脱模、包装、出货——八步流程的终点。

Another popular form of chocolate is white chocolate. White chocolate is made by mixing sugar and milk solids directly with cocoa butter.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 17 段（From Beans to Chocolate · 2 句）

① Another popular form of chocolate is white chocolate.

📐 another + 单数名词「另一种」。form 形式、种类。

② White chocolate is made by mixing sugar and milk solids directly with cocoa butter.

📐 by + doing 方式状语：「通过混合……」。
📐 milk solids 乳固体（奶粉）。白巧克力的秘密：只用可可脂、没有可可粉——所以严格说，它不算「真正的巧克力」！
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

把发酵、干燥过的豆子做成巧克力，是一道非常漫长而复杂的工序。首先，豆子要清洗，除掉残留的果肉和豆荚碎屑；然后，巧克力师把不同品种的豆子进行调配，确保巧克力风味恰到好处。……清洗调配好的豆子被送去烘烤，好把巧克力风味「激发」出来。到了这一步，豆子才开始闻起来像巧克力。烘烤时，包在豆子外面的薄壳变脆；豆子穿过一台专门的机器，壳被压裂，风扇把碎壳吹走。……去掉壳之后，豆子上只剩「有肉感」的部分，叫可可豆仁。豆仁被磨碎、压碎，直到变成液体。液体倒进模具，冷却成一条条又苦又无糖的巧克力，再经压榨，把巧克力最重要的部分——一种叫「可可脂」的黄色液体——分离出来。可可脂流过筛网被收集起来，用来制作我们吃的巧克力。……可可脂被压出之后，条块的固体部分被磨成粉。可可粉被送到乳品厂和面包房，给烘焙食品和乳制品调味。……我们吃的巧克力在最后一步「精炼搅拌」中做成。精炼在带大滚筒的机器里进行：把糖、可可粉、可可脂和其他配料（比如牛奶和香草）的混合物放进机器，反复滚压搅拌，直到顺滑。顺滑的混合物浇进模具冷却，凝固后脱模、包装，等待运输。……另一种受欢迎的巧克力形式是白巧克力——把糖和乳固体直接与可可脂混合而成。

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.15
Mixing → Conching → Pouring → Cooling → Wrapping
💬 THINK & SAYCan you retell the last five steps in order?
📐 本章结构分析 · From Beans to Chocolate（p.12-15）
段落功能
全书工序最密的一章：清洗→烘烤→脱壳→磨浆→压脂→精炼→浇模→包装
信息脉络
总起（long and complicated）→ 清洗调配 → 烘烤出香 → 脱壳留仁 → 磨成液体 → 压出可可脂 → 可可粉去向 → 精炼搅拌 → 浇模包装；白巧克力顺带出场
主旨句
Making chocolate from the fermented, dried beans is a very long and complicated process.
说明方法
顺序词（First / Then / After）打比方（the most important part — cocoa butter 灵魂）分类别（黑巧 vs 白巧）

History of Chocolate p.16-19

🕰 巧克力大事记（p.16–17 · 时间线）

  • 200 中美洲最早使用巧克力
  • 900 可可豆被当作货币使用
  • 1502 哥伦布把可可豆带回欧洲
  • 1528 科尔特斯把可可豆和做法带回西班牙
  • 1657 伦敦开出第一家巧克力店
  • 1828 可可压榨机发明（可可粉问世）
  • 1847 第一块固体巧克力诞生
  • 1875 瑞士造出第一块牛奶巧克力
  • 1894 好时创立好时巧克力公司
  • 1913 夹心巧克力的做法出现
  • 2007 全世界一年消费超过 300 万吨可可豆
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.16
The first chocolate drink
historiansbittercacao beans

As near as historians can tell, people living in Mexico and Central America were using chocolate almost 2,000 years ago. These people enjoyed a drink called xocoatl (shoh-coh-WAH-tuhl) made from roasted chocolate beans. But if you were to try this drink today, you'd find that it tastes much different than the chocolate drinks you enjoy. In fact, it was a very bitter-tasting drink—kind of like coffee.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 18 段（History of Chocolate · 4 句）

① As near as historians can tell, people living in Mexico and Central America were using chocolate almost 2,000 years ago.

📐 As near as sb can tell「据……所知」，历史学家谨慎的开场：没法百分百确定，但据考证……
📐 living in… 现在分词作后置定语：「住在墨西哥和中美洲的（古代人）」。
📐 将近两千年前！记住这个起点——时间线的第一格。

② These people enjoyed a drink called xocoatl (shoh-coh-WAH-tuhl) made from roasted chocolate beans.

📐 called xocoatl 分词定语。xocoatl 是纳瓦特尔语，正是 chocolate 这个词的老祖宗！
📐 made from「由……制成」（成品看不出原料）；roasted 烘烤过的。两个分词定语连用，层层套娃。

③ But if you were to try this drink today, you'd find that it tastes much different than the chocolate drinks you enjoy.

📐 were to do 虚拟语气！「假如你今天去尝」——与现在事实相反的假设，be 动词一律用 were。
📐 you'd = you would，虚拟语气的标配。find that + 宾语从句。

④ In fact, it was a very bitter-tasting drink—kind of like coffee.

📐 复合形容词：-tasting「尝起来……的」。bitter 苦。
📐 口语化插入语：「有点像咖啡」。两千年前没有加糖的巧克力，就是一杯苦咖啡。

When Christopher Columbus returned from his fourth trip to the New World, he brought some cacao beans to show to the king and queen of Spain. Europeans did not know what to do with the beans, so they mostly ignored them. They were more interested in spices and other things Columbus brought back.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 19 段（History of Chocolate · 3 句）

① When Christopher Columbus returned from his fourth trip to the New World, he brought some cacao beans to show to the king and queen of Spain.

📐 哥伦布，第四次美洲之旅。New World 新大陆＝美洲。
📐 不定式作目的：「拿给西班牙国王和王后看」。show sth to sb。

② Europeans did not know what to do with the beans, so they mostly ignored them.

📐 疑问词 + to do＝「怎么处理」。so 表结果：基本无视。
📐 ignore 忽视。哥伦布带回的宝贝被当成路边货——历史的一次大错过。

③ They were more interested in spices and other things Columbus brought back.

📐 be interested in 对……感兴趣，这里用比较级。
📐 省略 that/which 的定语从句，修饰 things。欧洲人更想要香料——巧克力就这样被冷落了。

It was not until a Spanish explorer by the name of Hernando Cortez returned from a voyage to the New World that Europeans began to see that there was value in cacao beans. The great Aztec ruler Montezuma had served Cortez a drink made from cacao beans. The Aztecs told Cortez that it was the drink of the gods. They believed that cacao beans gave them added wisdom and strength. They placed so much value on cacao beans that they used the beans as a form of money. Cortez saw much more value in the beans as money than as a drink. He planted cacao trees so that he could use the beans, not for chocolate, but as money. It was his way of growing money on trees.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 20 段（History of Chocolate · 8 句）

① It was not until a Spanish explorer by the name of Hernando Cortez returned from a voyage to the New World that Europeans began to see that there was value in cacao beans.

📐 强调句「直到……才……」：It was not until… that…。全书最难的句子之一，长难句模块第 5 句。
📐 by the name of「名叫……的」，正式的说法。Hernando Cortez 科尔特斯。
📐 see that there was value in…「看出……有价值」。value 价值，下一句它还是主角。

② The great Aztec ruler Montezuma had served Cortez a drink made from cacao beans.

📐 Aztec 阿兹特克；Montezuma 蒙特祖马皇帝。ruler 统治者。had served 过去完成时：「在科尔特斯回国之前曾招待过」。
📐 made from 分词定语又来了：可可豆做的饮料。

③ The Aztecs told Cortez that it was the drink of the gods.

📐「诸神之饮」！of the gods 属格＝「神的」——阿兹特克人对可可的至高评价。

④ They believed that cacao beans gave them added wisdom and strength.

📐 added 额外的；wisdom 智慧、strength 力量。吃豆子长智慧——古老的信念。

⑤ They placed so much value on cacao beans that they used the beans as a form of money.

📐 place value on… 看重……；so…that… 又见结果状语从句：看重到拿它当钱！
📐 a form of「一种……的形式」——可可豆货币正式上线。

⑥ Cortez saw much more value in the beans as money than as a drink.

📐 比较级 more value… than：当钱比当饮料值钱多了。Cortez 是个商人思维。

⑦ He planted cacao trees so that he could use the beans, not for chocolate, but as money.

📐 so that「以便」，目的状语从句。
📐 not A but B「不是……而是……」。他种树不为巧克力，为「印钱」。

⑧ It was his way of growing money on trees.

📐 全书最妙的比喻：「在树上种钱」！英语谚语说 money doesn't grow on trees「钱不会从树上长出来」，作者故意反着用——因为可可豆真的能当钱！

Cortez brought back knowledge of how to make the chocolate drink, but it still was not popular outside the New World. Eventually, the Spanish began mixing sugar with the drink, along with cinnamon and vanilla, and serving it hot. The drink soon became very popular among the nobility and the very wealthy. The Spanish valued chocolate so much that they kept the knowledge of how to make it secret from the rest of Europe for almost one hundred years.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 21 段（History of Chocolate · 4 句）

① Cortez brought back knowledge of how to make the chocolate drink, but it still was not popular outside the New World.

📐 knowledge of + 疑问词 to do「怎么做的知识」。
📐 outside 在……之外。带回了配方，但在欧洲还是不流行——为什么不甜呗。

② Eventually, the Spanish began mixing sugar with the drink, along with cinnamon and vanilla, and serving it hot.

📐 eventually「最终」——熬出头了！
📐 along with「连同、加上」。began mixing 开始加糖，还加肉桂和香草。
📐 serving it hot 趁热端上——热可可的雏形！

③ The drink soon became very popular among the nobility and the very wealthy.

📐 among 在……之中；the nobility 贵族、the very wealthy 巨富——the + 形容词＝「一类人」。nobility 本课拓展词。

④ The Spanish valued chocolate so much that they kept the knowledge of how to make it secret from the rest of Europe for almost one hundred years.

📐 so…that… 第三次出现！作者真爱这个句型。value 珍视。
📐 keep sth secret「保密」；from the rest of Europe「瞒着欧洲其他国家」。保密近一百年——史上最强商业机密。

The Spanish created many plantations of cacao trees in their colonies in South and Central America to ensure a plentiful source of the beans. During this time, countries at war with Spain would sometimes capture Spanish ships full of cacao beans and would destroy the cargo as worthless because they had no idea what the beans were used for. It is widely rumored that Spanish monks were the ones who finally shared the secret of how chocolate was made with other Europeans, changing the world forever.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 22 段（History of Chocolate · 3 句）

① The Spanish created many plantations of cacao trees in their colonies in South and Central America to ensure a plentiful source of the beans.

📐 plantation 种植园又登场：created many plantations 建了很多可可种植园。
📐 不定式作目的「以确保充足的来源」；ensure 确保；plentiful 大量供应的。colony 殖民地，本课拓展词。

② During this time, countries at war with Spain would sometimes capture Spanish ships full of cacao beans and would destroy the cargo as worthless because they had no idea what the beans were used for.

📐 at war with「与……交战」，介词 at + 名词表状态。
📐 would 表过去反复发生：「（当年）时不时就会……」，两个 would 并列。这句是长难句模块第 6 句。capture 俘获。
📐 as worthless 当作一文不值。worthless 无价值的；cargo 货物。
📐 had no idea「完全不知道」+ what…were used for 宾语从句。敌国缴获满船可可豆，当垃圾销毁——不识货的代价。

③ It is widely rumored that Spanish monks were the ones who finally shared the secret of how chocolate was made with other Europeans, changing the world forever.

📐 It is rumored that「据传闻……」，被动句型；widely 广泛地。rumor 传闻。
📐 the ones who…「那些……的人」，who 定语从句。monk 修道士。
📐 现在分词作结果状语：「从此改变了世界」。修道士泄密，巧克力走向全球——一条谣言的分量。
🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.18
From luxury to everyday treat
luxuryinventedaffordable

Until the 1600s and 1700s, chocolate was a luxury food for royalty and powerful church officials. During the 1600s, people began grinding large amounts of cacao beans in mills, producing much more chocolate and lowering the cost. The invention of smooth milk chocolate also increased the treat's popularity. The first chocolate shop in London, England, was opened in 1657. In the 1700s, a steam-driven chocolate grinder was invented, allowing factories to quickly make tons of affordable chocolate. Today, chocolate is a favorite and affordable treat in many countries.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 23 段（History of Chocolate · 6 句）

① Until the 1600s and 1700s, chocolate was a luxury food for royalty and powerful church officials.

📐 luxury 奢侈品——巧克力曾是王室和教会的专属！royalty 王室。
📐 powerful 有权势的；officials 官员。Until「直到」——在那之前一直是奢侈品。

② During the 1600s, people began grinding large amounts of cacao beans in mills, producing much more chocolate and lowering the cost.

📐 grind 磨碎（第三次登场）；large amounts of 大量的。
📐 mill 磨坊，本课核心词。工业化第一步：进磨坊。
📐 两个现在分词作结果状语：产量大增、价格下降。lower 动词「降低」。

③ The invention of smooth milk chocolate also increased the treat's popularity.

📐 invention 发明，本课拓展词：牛奶巧克力的发明。
📐 increase 增加；treat 零食、款待；popularity 受欢迎程度。美味再升级。

④ The first chocolate shop in London, England, was opened in 1657.

📐 被动 + 年份：1657 年，伦敦第一家巧克力店开业。时间线上必记的一格。

⑤ In the 1700s, a steam-driven chocolate grinder was invented, allowing factories to quickly make tons of affordable chocolate.

📐 复合形容词：名词 + 过去分词＝「蒸汽驱动的」。这句是长难句模块第 7 句。
📐 allowing… 现在分词作结果状语；allow sb to do。affordable 买得起的。蒸汽机一来，巧克力自由！

⑥ Today, chocolate is a favorite and affordable treat in many countries.

📐 favorite 又见——第一段的 favorite sweet thing 首尾呼应；affordable 买得起。从奢侈品到平民零食，就是本段的隐形主线。
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

据历史学家考证，生活在墨西哥和中美洲的人们，早在近两千年前就开始享用巧克力了。他们爱喝一种叫「肖科拉特」的饮料，用烘烤过的可可豆制成。但如果你今天去尝，会发现它的味道和你爱喝的巧克力饮料大不一样——事实上那是一种非常苦的饮料，有点像咖啡。……克里斯托弗·哥伦布第四次从新大陆返航时，带回了一些可可豆，想展示给西班牙的国王和王后。欧洲人不知道拿这些豆子怎么办，基本没理会；他们对哥伦布带回的香料和其他东西更感兴趣。……直到一位名叫赫尔南多·科尔特斯的西班牙探险家从新大陆远航归来，欧洲人才开始看出可可豆的价值。伟大的阿兹特克统治者蒙特祖马曾用可可豆饮料招待科尔特斯。阿兹特克人告诉他，那是「诸神之饮」；他们相信可可豆能增添智慧和力量，甚至把它当作货币使用。科尔特斯看出豆子当钱比当饮料值钱多了，于是种下可可树——不为做巧克力，而是为了「在树上种钱」。……科尔特斯带回了巧克力饮料的做法，但它在新大陆以外仍然不流行。最终，西班牙人开始往饮料里加糖，连同肉桂和香草一起，还趁热端上。这种饮品很快风靡贵族和巨富阶层。西班牙人太珍视巧克力，竟对欧洲其他国家保密了做法近一百年。……西班牙人在中南美洲的殖民地建了许多可可种植园，以确保豆子供应充足。这期间，与西班牙交战的国家有时会俘获满载可可豆的西班牙船只，却因为完全不知道这些豆子有什么用，把整船货物当作一文不值的东西销毁。流传甚广的说法是：最终是西班牙修道士把巧克力的制作秘方分享给了其他欧洲人，从此改变了世界。……直到 17、18 世纪，巧克力一直都是王室和有权势教会官员的奢侈品。17 世纪，人们开始在磨坊里大批研磨可可豆，产量大增、价格下降；丝滑牛奶巧克力的发明又让这种美味更受欢迎。1657 年，英国伦敦开出第一家巧克力店。18 世纪，蒸汽驱动的巧克力研磨机被发明出来，工厂得以快速生产数以吨计、人人都买得起的巧克力。今天，巧克力成了许多国家里备受喜爱又买得起的零食。

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.19
A 2,000-year timeline of chocolate
timelinecenturyinvention
📐 本章结构分析 · History of Chocolate（p.16-19）
段落功能
两千年编年史：四个大转折把苦饮料变成平民零食
信息脉络
阿兹特克苦饮+可可当钱 → 哥伦布带回被无视 → 科尔特斯看出「种钱」→ 西班牙加糖保密百年 → 磨坊蒸汽机降价 → 1657 伦敦开店
主旨句
It was not until a Spanish explorer by the name of Hernando Cortez returned from a voyage to the New World that Europeans began to see that there was value in cacao beans.
说明方法
举例子（Columbus / Cortez / Montezuma）打比方（growing money on trees）列数字（2,000 / 100 年 / 1657）

Chocolate Today p.20-21

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.20
Chocolate in a shop today
candybaked goodsmole

Most of the chocolate made in factories today is used to make chocolate candy. Other chocolate goes into ice cream, chocolate drinks, and baked goods such as cakes and doughnuts. Even a sauce called mole (MOLE-ay), used in Mexican cooking, is made from chocolate.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 24 段（Chocolate Today · 3 句）

① Most of the chocolate made in factories today is used to make chocolate candy.

📐 分词定语修饰 chocolate：「如今工厂里生产的」。工厂巧克力的大头——糖果。

② Other chocolate goes into ice cream, chocolate drinks, and baked goods such as cakes and doughnuts.

📐 go into 进入、投入到——用途很活：冰淇淋、饮料、烘焙三连。
📐 such as 举例：蛋糕、甜甜圈。doughnut 甜甜圈。

③ Even a sauce called mole (MOLE-ay), used in Mexican cooking, is made from chocolate.

📐 sauce 酱汁；mole 莫雷酱，本课核心词、墨西哥的传奇辣酱！called 和 used in 两个分词定语连用。
📐 be made from 由……制成。辣酱里有巧克力——可可的跨界演出。

Each year people around the world consume tons of chocolate. The people of Switzerland consume more chocolate per person than anyone else in the world. They are joined in their love of chocolate by people in many other European countries. The table below shows chocolate consumption in the top ten chocolate-consuming countries.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 25 段（Chocolate Today · 4 句）

① Each year people around the world consume tons of chocolate.

📐 consume 消费、吃掉，本课核心词；tons of 数以吨计。每一年，全世界吃掉数万吨巧克力。

② The people of Switzerland consume more chocolate per person than anyone else in the world.

📐 per person 人均；more…than anyone else 比较级表最高级——这招第一段出现过（more than any other sweet），同一套路。

③ They are joined in their love of chocolate by people in many other European countries.

📐 be joined by「有……相伴」——欧洲各国一起爱巧克力。

④ The table below shows chocolate consumption in the top ten chocolate-consuming countries.

📐 the table below「下面的表格」，below 后置定语。
📐 top ten 前十；chocolate-consuming 复合形容词「吃巧克力的」。consumption 消费量——consume 的名词，这对词要一起记。

🏆 巧克力消费量前十名（p.21 · 表格）

排名国家人均（磅/年）人均（公斤/年）
1Switzerland 瑞士22.4 lbs10.1 kg
2Austria 奥地利20.1 lbs9.1 kg
3Ireland 爱尔兰19.5 lbs8.8 kg
4Germany 德国18.0 lbs8.2 kg
5Norway 挪威17.9 lbs8.1 kg
6Denmark 丹麦17.7 lbs8.0 kg
7United Kingdom 英国17.5 lbs7.9 kg
8Belgium 比利时13.2 lbs6.0 kg
9Australia 澳大利亚13.0 lbs5.9 kg
10Sweden 瑞典12.9 lbs5.8 kg

💡 Do You Know?（p.21 · 你知道吗）

Recent medical studies show that there are definite medical benefits in eating chocolate. The benefits are linked to dark chocolate, rather than milk chocolate. Some of the medical benefits include a reduction in heart disease and blood pressure.

最近的医学研究显示，吃巧克力有明确的健康益处——不过只针对黑巧克力，而不是牛奶巧克力：包括降低心脏病和血压的风险。所以想吃出「正当理由」，选黑巧！
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

今天，工厂里生产的巧克力大多用来做糖果，其余的进入冰淇淋、巧克力饮品和烘焙食品（比如蛋糕和甜甜圈）。连墨西哥菜里一种叫「莫雷」的酱料，都是用巧克力做的。……每一年，全世界的人要消费数以吨计的巧克力。瑞士人的人均消费量超过世界上任何国家；许多其他欧洲国家的人们同样深爱巧克力。下面的表格列出了巧克力消费量前十名的国家。

📐 本章结构分析 · Chocolate Today（p.20-21）
段落功能
最短的一章最「经济学」：用途 + 消费榜 + 健康彩蛋
信息脉络
工厂巧克力去向（糖果·冰淇淋·烘焙·莫雷酱）→ 全球消费（tons of）→ 瑞士人均第一 → 前十榜单 → 黑巧健康彩蛋
主旨句
Each year people around the world consume tons of chocolate.
说明方法
分类别（candy / drinks / baked goods / sauce）列数字（22.4 lbs = 10.1 kg）表格（top ten 消费表）

Try This! p.22

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.22
Yummy Chocolate Brownies
ingredientspreheatbaking pan

Make sure you have an adult to help you with any cutting or handling of hot foods.（切东西、拿热食，一定要请大人帮忙！）

🍫 布朗尼食谱 · Try This!（p.22）

  • 备料 Gather — 1 cup butter or margarine（黄油或人造黄油 1 杯）；4 squares (1 oz. each) of unsweetened chocolate（无糖烘焙巧克力 4 小方块）；4 eggs（鸡蛋 4 个）；2 cups white sugar（白糖 2 杯）；2 teaspoons vanilla extract（香草精 2 茶匙）；1½ cups all-purpose flour（面粉 1.5 杯）；1 teaspoon baking powder（泡打粉 1 茶匙）；pinch of salt（一撮盐）
  • 第 1 步 Preheat — 烤箱预热到 350°F（180°C）；给 9×13 英寸烤盘抹上油。
  • 第 2 步 Melt — 炖锅中火融化黄油；离火后拌入巧克力至融化混匀；鸡蛋一次一个加入、彻底搅打；再加糖和香草精，搅拌到顺滑。
  • 第 3 步 Mix — 另取一碗混合面粉、盐、泡打粉；把黄油巧克力糖浆轻轻倒入面粉中，搅拌到面粉完全湿润。
  • 第 4 步 Pour — 把混合物倒进烤盘、摊平。
  • 第 5 步 Bake — 烤 25–30 分钟，直到布朗尼开始与烤盘边缘分离。
  • 第 6 步 Cool — 先在烤盘里放凉再切块。成品：12 块布朗尼。
📐 本章结构分析 · Try This!（p.22）
段落功能
说明书文体的实战演练：一份布朗尼食谱
信息脉络
安全提示 → 备料清单 → 七步工序（预热→融化→拌蛋糖→拌面粉→入盘→烘烤→冷却切块）→ 成品 12 块
主旨句
Make sure you have an adult to help you with any cutting or handling of hot foods.
说明方法
祈使句链（Gather / Preheat / Melt / Stir / Pour / Bake / Let）列数字（350°F / 25-30 分钟 / 12 块）

Conclusion p.23

🖼 FROM THE BOOK · p.23
The world's most popular sweet
💬 THINK & SAYHow is chocolate made? Say three steps.

It took a long time for chocolate to become popular outside the regions of Central and South America where cacao trees were first grown and used. Over the years, people added things such as sugar and milk to the long and complicated process of making chocolate from cacao beans. Today, people around the world eat millions of kilograms of chocolate, making it the world's most popular sweet.

🔍 段落精讲 · 第 26 段（Conclusion · 3 句）

① It took a long time for chocolate to become popular outside the regions of Central and South America where cacao trees were first grown and used.

📐 It took + 时间 + for sb/sth to do「……花了很长时间才……」。这句是长难句模块第 8 句、全书的收官长难句。
📐 where 定语从句修饰 regions：「最早种植和使用可可树的地方」。

② Over the years, people added things such as sugar and milk to the long and complicated process of making chocolate from cacao beans.

📐 over the years 这些年来。
📐 long and complicated「漫长而复杂」——第 12 段原词重现，首尾呼应。add…to… 往工序里加糖、加奶。

③ Today, people around the world eat millions of kilograms of chocolate, making it the world's most popular sweet.

📐 millions of 数以百万计；kilogram 千克。每年数百万吨——回头看看第一段第一句，答案揭晓。
📐 making… 分词作结果状语；make + 宾语 + 宾补。the world's most popular sweet 全世界最受欢迎的甜食——全书最后几个词，也是开篇第一句的答案。下次吃巧克力时，想想这趟从树到舌尖的旅行吧。
📖 参考译文（点击展开）

巧克力花了很长时间，才走出最早种植和使用可可树的中南美洲，在世界范围流行开来。这些年来，人们往「把可可豆做成巧克力」这道漫长复杂的工序里，加入了糖和牛奶这些东西。今天，全世界的人每年吃掉数百万公斤的巧克力，让它成为世界上最受欢迎的甜食。

📐 本章结构分析 · Conclusion（p.23）
段落功能
收束全书：呼应开篇，落回「最受欢迎的甜食」
信息脉络
回顾漫长旅程（It took a long time）→ 人们往工序里加糖加奶 → 世界最受欢迎的甜食（首尾呼应第一段）
主旨句
Today, people around the world eat millions of kilograms of chocolate, making it the world's most popular sweet.
说明方法
首尾呼应（most popular sweet ↔ more chocolate than any other sweet）列数字（millions of kilograms）
✍️ 说明文写作手法小结（可迁移到你的作文）
  • 打比方（比喻）：豆荚像小橄榄球（pods are shaped like little footballs）、可可豆是「能种出来的钱」（growing money on trees）——抽象概念一秒具象。
  • 列数字：800 颗豆 = 1 公斤、一小时剖 500 个荚、瑞士人均 10.1 公斤——数字让说明可信。
  • 分类别：黑巧 / 牛奶巧 / 白巧；可可的生产国与消费国——分完类一个一个说。
  • 举例子：瑞士、巴西、墨西哥莫雷酱——用真实案例支撑观点。
  • 过程写法：First… then… Once… until smooth——工序文按顺序词排排队。
  • 对比收尾：开篇 more chocolate than any other sweet ↔ 结尾 the world's most popular sweet——首尾呼应，全书闭环。
✍️ 写作手法小结（仿写提示）
  • 过程句型：用 It takes…to… 写清「要花多少工夫」，用 either…or… 写清「二选一的工序」。
  • 用数字说话：时间、温度、数量——说明文的力量来自精确。
  • today 收束：从过去讲到今天，用 Today, … 收尾，一本书的时间线就闭环了。

🗣 讨论问答卡 · 互动答题 Discussion Cards

Reading A-Z Discussion Cards（6 张），每张训练一种阅读思维：主旨与细节、因果关系、分析推断、比较对比、事实与观点、顺序梳理。点「✅ 提交评分」后系统按要点覆盖自动打分——先用中文想清楚，再尽量用英文写；中英混写也算分（关键词命中即得分）。也可以点「🎤 语音输入」把答案说出来——识别结果自动填入作答框（需 Chrome/Safari 并允许麦克风权限），说完可继续打字修改再提交。建议读完课文、做完词汇模块后再来挑战。

已作答 0 / 6 张 · 要点命中 0 / 0

2词汇学习

点「🔊 点读」听范音；点「🎤 跟读」会先播范音、再录下你的跟读并自动回放对比。点卡片其他区域翻面看释义。核心词分三组：可可家族名词 → 工厂工序名词 → 动词与形容词。

🌱 A组 · 可可家族名词 书后词汇表词

cacao
/kəˈkɑːoʊ/ （书注音 kah-KOW）
n. 可可树；可可豆
点击翻面 →
可可树（也指它的豆子）
the tree from which we get chocolate
"The tree that gives us chocolate is the cacao tree."
plantation
/plænˈteɪʃn/
n. 种植园；大农场
点击翻面 →
种植园（大农场，很多工人）
a very large farm with many workers
"Today, most cacao trees are grown on farms called plantations."
pod
/pɒd/
n. 豆荚；果荚
点击翻面 →
豆荚（可可豆住的地方）
a long, thin part on some plants in which seeds are found
"Chocolate comes from beans that are found in large pods on the tree."
pulp
/pʌlp/
n. 果肉；果浆
点击翻面 →
果肉、浆（包着可可豆的软软一层）
the soft part inside a plant's stem or fruit
"They are cream colored and covered with a soft pulp."
machete
/məˈʃeti/ （书注音 mah-SHET-ee）
n. 砍刀
点击翻面 →
砍刀（又长又厚的刀）
a long, thick knife
"Someone using a large blade called a machete cuts each pod open."
nib
/nɪb/
n. 可可豆仁
点击翻面 →
可可豆仁（豆子剥壳后剩下的"肉"）
the meaty part of the cacao bean after the shell is removed
"After the shells are removed, only the meaty part of the bean, called the nib, remains."

🏭 B组 · 工厂工序名词 书后词汇表词

fermentation
/ˌfɜːmenˈteɪʃn/
n. 发酵
点击翻面 →
发酵（微生物把东西"改造"的过程）
a natural changing process that occurs in many foods and plants
"The beans also change on the inside in a process called fermentation."
roast
/rəʊst/
v. 烘烤
点击翻面 →
烘烤（把香味烤出来）
to cook or heat in an oven or over a fire
"The cleaned and blended beans are roasted in order to bring out the chocolate flavor."
grind
/ɡraɪnd/ （过去分词 ground）
v. 磨碎；碾碎
点击翻面 →
磨碎（mill 干的活）
to crush into small pieces or powder
"The nibs are ground up and crushed until they become a liquid."
cocoa butter
/ˈkəʊkəʊ ˈbʌtə(r)/
n. 可可脂
点击翻面 →
可可脂（巧克力丝滑的灵魂，金黄色液体）
a yellow liquid pressed from chocolate; the most important part
"The most important part of the chocolate, a yellow liquid called cocoa butter, is removed."
conching
/ˈkɒntʃɪŋ/ （书注音 KONCH-ing）
n. 精炼搅拌
点击翻面 →
精炼搅拌（做巧克力的最后一步）
the process of smoothing a chocolate mixture
"The chocolate we eat is made in the final step, called conching."
mill
/mɪl/
n. 磨坊；研磨机
点击翻面 →
磨坊（用风力/水力/蒸汽/电力磨东西的机器）
machines that use animal, wind, or steam power to grind things
"People began grinding large amounts of cacao beans in mills."
mold
/məʊld/
n. 模具
点击翻面 →
模具（倒进模具冷却成型）
a hollow container used to give shape to poured liquid
"The liquid is poured into molds where it cools into bars."
ingredient
/ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/
n. 配料；原料
点击翻面 →
配料（做成一样食物所需的材料）
the different food items that go into a dish or recipe
"A mixture of sugar, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and other ingredients is placed in the machines."
shell
/ʃel/
n. （豆）壳
点击翻面 →
壳（烤脆了才好脱掉）
the hard outer covering of a bean or seed
"The thin shell that covers them grows brittle."

⚡ C组 · 重点动词与形容词

consume
/kənˈsjuːm/
v. 消费；吃掉
点击翻面 →
吃、买、消耗（consume 的名词是 consumption）
to eat, buy, or use
"Each year people around the world consume tons of chocolate."
mole
/ˈməʊleɪ/ （书注音 MOLE-ay）
n. 莫雷酱
点击翻面 →
莫雷酱（墨西哥辣酱，含巧克力！）
a spicy Mexican sauce made with chile and strong chocolate
"Even a sauce called mole, used in Mexican cooking, is made from chocolate."
luxury
/ˈlʌɡʒəri/
n. 奢侈品
点击翻面 →
奢侈品（曾经的巧克力只有贵族吃得起）
something expensive that you do not really need
"Chocolate was a luxury food for royalty and powerful church officials."
affordable
/əˈfɔːdəbl/
adj. 买得起的
点击翻面 →
买得起的（afford 支付得起 + able）
cheap enough for most people to buy
"Factories quickly make tons of affordable chocolate."
treat
/triːt/
n. 美味享受
点击翻面 →
好吃的、犒劳（熟词僻义：不是"对待"）
something special that gives you pleasure, especially good food
"Today, chocolate is a favorite and affordable treat."
ripe
/raɪp/
adj. 成熟的
点击翻面 →
成熟的（果子熟了才能摘）
fully grown and ready to be eaten or picked
"The pods are picked when they are ripe or mature."
brittle
/ˈbrɪtl/
adj. 脆的
点击翻面 →
脆的（一压就碎）
hard but easily broken
"The thin shell that covers them grows brittle."
blend
/blend/
v. 混合；调配
点击翻面 →
混合、调配（调出恰到好处的风味）
to mix different things together
"Chocolate makers blend different varieties of beans."
💡 记忆小窍门：cacao（树和豆）→ pod（豆荚，豆子的房子）→ pulp（果肉，豆子的被子）→ nib（剥壳后的豆仁）；工序线一站一站背：ferment（发酵）→ dry（干燥）→ roast（烘烤）→ shell（脱壳）→ grind（磨浆）→ press（压脂）→ conch（精炼）→ mold（浇模）。近义辨析：luxury（奢侈品）的反面是 affordable（买得起）；ripe（熟了）的豆荚才摘，brittle（变脆）的壳才好脱。

✏️ 词汇测试（10 题）

先选好 10 道题再点「提交答案」，会逐题批改并给出解析。

🔤 词汇拓展学习（Vocabulary A-Z · 8 词）

8 个跨学科学术词，都在书里出现过。四种题型（类比推理 / 选词填空 / 概念补全 / 综合测评），全部自动判分。

🔤 Part A · 8 个新词词卡 Day 1 · Words in Context

点卡片翻面看英文释义、构词/同反义提示与语境例句；🔊 点读 / 🎤 跟读按钮在正面。

equator
/ɪˈkweɪtə(r)/
n. 赤道
点击翻面 →
the imaginary line around the middle of the Earth
联想 equa-（平均）→ 把地球分成两半的那条线；反义 polar（极地的）
"Cacao trees grow near the equator."
evergreen
/ˈevəɡriːn/
adj. 常绿的
点击翻面 →
having green leaves all year long
构词 ever（一直）+ green（绿）→ 一年四季都是绿的
"It is an evergreen tree that can grow to be over 40 feet tall."
variety
/vəˈraɪəti/
n. 品种；种类
点击翻面 →
a type or kind of something
a variety of = 各种各样的；动词 vary（不同）
"Chocolate makers blend different varieties of beans."
colony
/ˈkɒləni/
n. 殖民地
点击翻面 →
a land ruled by a distant country
同族 colonist（殖民者）、colonial（殖民时期的）
"The Spanish created many plantations of cacao trees in their colonies."
voyage
/ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
n. 航海；航行
点击翻面 →
a long journey by sea
区分 journey（陆上旅行）/ trip（短途）/ voyage（航海）
"A Spanish explorer returned from a voyage to the New World."
nobility
/nəʊˈbɪləti/
n. 贵族（阶层）
点击翻面 →
people of high social rank; the noble class
形容词 noble（高贵的）；the + 形容词 = 一类人
"The drink soon became very popular among the nobility and the very wealthy."
invention
/ɪnˈvenʃn/
n. 发明
点击翻面 →
something new that someone creates
动词 invent（发明）→ 名词 invention；-tion 名词后缀
"The invention of smooth milk chocolate also increased the treat's popularity."
producer
/prəˈdjuːsə(r)/
n. 生产国；生产者
点击翻面 →
a country or company that makes or grows something
动词 produce（生产）→ producer；同族 product（产品）
"Brazil is the next largest producer."
📌 拓展词 + 核心词都会出现在后面的练习里，忘了就回上面翻卡复习。

🧩 Part B · 类比推理 12 题 Day 2 · Analogies

先判断第一组词的关系，再从词库选词补全第二组：点词库选词 → 点横线填入；点已填的横线可取回。提交后显示每题的关系解析。

✏️ Part C · 选词填空 12 题 Day 2 · Cloze Sentences

从词库中选词补全句子，每个词恰好用一次。点词库选词 → 点横线填入。

💡 Part D · 概念补全 12 题 Day 4 · Concept Completion

用你自己的话补全句子——检验是否真懂这个词，而不是背搭配。中英都行，关键词命中即得分；也可口语输入后粘贴进来。

已作答 0 / 12 题 · 要点命中 0 / 0

📋 Part E · 综合测评 12 题 Day 5 · Assessment

Day 5 测评原题（三选一），覆盖全部拓展词汇。

3长难句学习

三步学每个句子：① 看句子骨架图——上层是主干（主→谓→宾/表），下层挂修饰成分，悬停彩色词块还能看成分标签；② 读拆解和译文；③ 点「✍️ 结构仿写 · 新句翻译」——给一句结构相同的新中文句，参照上方原句和骨架图把它译成英文，提交后自动批改结构点与用词。

🛠 拆句四步法

  1. 找谓语动词——一个句子只有一个主干谓语（从句里有自己的小谓语）；
  2. 抓连接词——that / which / when / if / as… 出现，就从它后面"切一刀"；
  3. 认非谓语——doing（主动/伴随）、done（被动/修饰）、to do（目的）都是"隐藏的小句子"；
  4. 先主干后修饰——先译"谁+做+什么"，再把修饰成分一个个挂上去。
主语 谓语 表语/宾语 定语/从句 状语 非谓语短语 插入语
句 1 · p.8 强调句变体 + 双层分词定语（全书最精彩的句子）

It's not the pods that are important— it's the 20 to 50 beans found inside the pods , which are actually the tree's seeds.

拆解先把读者的常识推开（重要的不是豆荚），再用 —it's… 亮出真相（是 20 到 50 颗豆子）。后面两层分词/从句像套娃一样修饰 beans：found inside the pods 说它们在哪，which are actually the tree's seeds 揭露它们的真实身份——种子。一句话同时完成「否定—转折—揭秘」三部曲，是全书修辞最漂亮的句子。
译：真正重要的不是豆荚，而是豆荚里那 20 到 50 颗豆子——它们其实正是可可树的种子。
句 2 · p.7 Since 原因从句 + have to be careful not to + when 从句（双从句结构）

Since cacao tree roots grow close to the surface and are easily damaged, workers have to be careful not to step on the tree's roots when they remove the pods.

拆解主干 = workers have to be careful（工人必须小心）。Since 从句给出原因——根长得浅（close to the surface）、容易受伤（easily damaged），所以才有「必须小心」这回事；句尾 when 从句把「小心」精确到摘豆荚那一刻。be careful not to do 是高频搭配：「小心别做某事」。一段三个从句环环相扣，因果链读清楚，句子就不难了。
译：由于可可树的根长得离地表很近、又容易受伤，工人们摘豆荚时必须小心，不能踩到树根。
句 3 · p.10 either…or 并列被动 + by doing 方式状语（超长工序句）

The beans are either dried outdoors by spreading the beans on large mats in the sun , or they are taken indoors and dried by hot, dry air blown from pipes.

拆解主干其实很短 = beans are dried（豆子被干燥）。长就长在两种干燥法并列：either…or… 二选一——户外摊晒（by spreading…），或者进屋吹热风（by hot, dry air）。两个 by 短语都是「方式状语」，告诉你「怎么干」；句尾 blown from pipes 又是分词定语，修饰 air。读长句的诀窍：先抓短主干，再把修饰一层层挂回去。
译：豆子要么在户外摊在大席子上晒太阳干燥，要么被运进室内，用管道吹出的热干风烘干。
句 4 · p.14 超长主语 + 三连被动 + until 省略（精炼搅拌句）

A mixture of sugar, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and other ingredients , such as milk and vanilla, is placed in the machines and then rolled and mixed until smooth.

拆解主语一口气塞了四样原料（A mixture of A, B, C, and D），中间还插了个 such as 举例——这是英文「名词堆叠」的典型写法。谓语是三连被动：is placed → rolled → mixed，共用一个 is，中间用 and then 连接。句尾 until smooth 是省略句，补全是 until it is smooth（直到它变顺滑）。写作文描写流程时，这个句型可以直接套用。
译：把糖、可可粉、可可脂和其他配料（比如牛奶和香草）的混合物放进机器，反复滚压搅拌，直到完全顺滑。
句 5 · p.16 It was not until… that… 强调句（全书最长最难句）

It was not until a Spanish explorer by the name of Hernando Cortez returned from a voyage to the New World that Europeans began to see that there was value in cacao beans.

拆解这是强调句「直到……才……」的教科书例句：It was not until + 时间/事件 + that + 结果。被强调的是时间——科尔特斯归来之后，欧洲人才看出豆子的价值。去掉 It was…that，句子还原成普通版：Europeans did not begin to see the value until Cortez returned。遇到这种句子先找 that，从 that 后面找主句主干（Europeans began to see…），前面的部分统统当成「时间背景」。
译：直到一位名叫赫尔南多·科尔特斯的西班牙探险家从新大陆远航归来，欧洲人才开始看出可可豆的价值。
句 6 · p.17 would 过去习惯 + 双宾并列 + because 从句（战船销毁句）

During this time, countries at war with Spain would sometimes capture Spanish ships full of cacao beans and would destroy the cargo as worthless because they had no idea what the beans were used for.

拆解主干 = countries would capture ships and would destroy cargo（交战国俘获船只、销毁货物）。would 在这里不是「将要」，而是过去反复发生的习惯：「当年常常……」。两个 would 并列，中间 and 连接；full of cacao beans 是形容词短语作后置定语（= which were full of…）。句尾 because 从句里又套了一个 what 宾语从句——满船的「巧克力原料」被当垃圾销毁，就因为不识货。历史在这里开了个残酷的玩笑。
译：那段时间，与西班牙交战的国家有时会俘获满载可可豆的西班牙船只，却因为完全不知道这些豆子有什么用，把整船货物当作一文不值的东西销毁掉。
句 7 · p.18 复合形容词主语 + 被动 + allowing 结果状语（蒸汽机句）

In the 1700s, a steam-driven chocolate grinder was invented allowing factories to quickly make tons of affordable chocolate.

拆解主干 = a grinder was invented（一台研磨机被发明）。steam-driven 是「名词 + 过去分词」的复合形容词：蒸汽驱动的——同类还有 wind-driven、man-made。逗号后的 allowing… 是现在分词作结果状语：机器被发明这一动作带来的结果（allow sb to do 让某人能做某事）。一个句子讲完一项发明 + 它的历史影响，说明文里这种「主句 + doing 结果」超级常用。
译：18 世纪，一台蒸汽驱动的巧克力研磨机被发明出来，让工厂得以快速生产数以吨计、人人都买得起的巧克力。
句 8 · p.23 It took…for…to do + where 定语从句（全书收官句）

It took a long time for chocolate to become popular outside the regions of Central and South America where cacao trees were first grown and used.

拆解It took + 时间 + for A to do＝「A 花了……才做成……」——it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 for chocolate to become popular。句尾 where 引导定语从句修饰 regions（……的地区），把「走出可可的故乡」这层意思收进一句。这是全书的收官句，写作文收尾时可以套用：It took many years for ______ to ______…
译：巧克力花了很长时间，才走出最早种植和使用可可树的中南美洲，在世界范围流行开来。

4复述与写作

先复述后写作：说得出来，才写得出来。复述可对照本模块开头的思维导图。

🗺️ 文章思维导图

一张图收全书。向右滑动查看全图；下面的复述挑战就靠它。

All About Chocolate 巧克力 · 精读 ① Where It Grows 长在哪 可可树 cacao：常绿、12 米高、豆荚长在树干上 赤道附近炎热潮湿；幼树要遮阴 种植园 plantation：四五年才结荚；苍蝇传粉 十朵花才成一荚；2/3 可可产自西非，巴西第二 ② Preparing Beans 备豆工序 砍刀 machete 剖荚：熟练工一小时 500 个 豆子奶油色裹果肉——这时还不像巧克力 发酵 fermentation 一个多星期：奶油色变紫 晒太阳或热风干燥；800 颗豆 = 1 公斤巧克力 ③ Beans→Chocolate 工厂变形 烘烤 roast 出香味；脱壳留豆仁 nib 磨成液体；压出可可脂 cocoa butter 固体磨成可可粉送乳品厂和面包房 精炼 conch 直到顺滑 → 浇模冷却包装 ④ History 两千年之旅 阿兹特克苦饮料；可可豆当钱用 哥伦布带回欧洲被无视；科尔特斯看出价值 西班牙加糖热饮，保密近一百年 1657 伦敦开店；蒸汽机让人人买得起 ⑤ Today 今天的世界 工厂巧克力：糖果 / 冰淇淋 / 烘焙 / 莫雷酱 全球一年消费数以吨计；瑞士人均 10.1 kg 第一 医学彩蛋：黑巧有助心脏和血压 ⑥ Conclusion 收束全书 走出美洲的漫长旅程：加糖、加奶 今天每年吃掉数百万公斤 世界最受欢迎的甜食——首尾呼应
🧠 用法建议：① 遮住右侧叶子，只看 6 个分支回忆细节；② 遮住全部，画自己的导图再对照；③ 顺序讲一遍 = 三星复述挑战达成（见本模块下方）。

🗣 Part A · 复述三级挑战

⭐ 一星挑战 · 一句话概括（Main Idea）

用下面的"句子框架"说出一句话概括：

This book is mainly about （how chocolate is made / where it comes from / its history）. It tells me that chocolate comes from （cacao beans / the cacao tree near the equator）, and today it is （the world's most popular sweet）.

⭐⭐ 二星挑战 · 分支复述（用思维导图）

按导图 6 个分支，每个分支说 1–2 句。用这些"分支开场句"：

① Chocolate actually grows on cacao trees near the equator…
② First, workers open the pods with a machete, and the beans are fermented and dried…
③ In the factory, the beans are roasted, shelled, and ground, and the mixture is conched until it is smooth…
④ Long ago, the Aztecs used cacao beans as money; later Spain added sugar and kept it secret…
⑤ Today, people around the world consume tons of chocolate, and Switzerland eats the most…

⭐⭐⭐ 三星挑战 · 完整复述（2 分钟，不看导图）

把 6 个分支连成一段完整口头复述，必须用上 3 个连接词：

First … Then … After that … However … Finally / Today …

💡 小技巧：复述"制作工序"按链条走：pick → ferment → dry → roast → shell → grind → press → conch → mold，链条不乱，逻辑满分。

📋 复述自评表（每项 1–3 分，≥10 分过关）

评价项1 分2 分3 分
内容完整只说了 1–2 个分支说了 3–4 个分支6 个分支全说到
细节与数字没有细节有 1–2 个细节/数字有 3 个以上细节/数字
连接词没用连接词用了 1–2 个用了 3 个以上且自然
语音语调断续、听不清较流利流利、有停顿和重音

✍️ Part B · 写作任务（三选一或全做）

任务 1 · 仿写工序说明段 80–100 词

题目：How Is ______ Made?（选一道你熟悉的工序：做蛋糕、榨果汁、泡奶茶、叠纸鹤都行）。要求：① 用 First / Then / After / until 写清顺序；② 至少 2 个数字（时间、数量、温度）；③ 用上本课 2 个词汇（如 ferment / roast / conching / ingredient）。

🧰 句型支架：It takes ______ to make ______. / First, ______. Then the ______ is dried (roasted / ground) until ______. / Finally, it is poured into molds.

任务 2 · 巧克力简史短文 100–120 词

题目：A Short History of Chocolate。三段式：① 起点（阿兹特克苦饮 / 可可豆当钱）；② 传播路线（Columbus / Cortez / 西班牙加糖保密）；③ 走进平民（磨坊、蒸汽机、1657 伦敦开店）并用 today 收尾。

🧰 必用句型：Long ago, … / It was not until ______ that … / Today, people around the world ______.

任务 3 · 观点短文（带证据） 70–90 词

题目：Dark or Milk — Which Do You Like Better? 用书里的证据（黑巧的健康益处）加自己的理由，写一段观点。要求：至少 1 个让步（although / even though）+ 1 个结论句。

🧰 观点句型：I like ______ better because ______. / Although milk chocolate is sweeter, dark chocolate ______. / In my opinion, ______.

✅ 写作自查清单（交稿前逐项打勾）

  • 每个句子首字母大写，句末有标点
  • 主谓一致（He lives ✓ / He live ✗）
  • 用上了至少 2 个本课词汇（如 ferment / roast / conching）
  • 用上了至少 1 个连接词或工序顺序词
  • 用了至少 1 个数字或比喻
  • 大声读一遍：卡壳的地方就是要改的地方

5拓展

来自 RAZ 配套 worksheet《All About Chocolate》的互动版，三道原题：① 巧克力制作工序排序 ② 主语与谓语圈选 ③ 词汇连线配对 + 自选词造句。做完点「提交评分」自动判分；先自己做，再看答案。

📋 练习一 · 工序排序 Sequence Events

题目：给「从可可豆到巧克力」的每个步骤编号（1 在最前，12 在最后）。第 12 步已经帮你标好 1 作示范——豆荚先从可可树上摘下来。

Chocolate makers get the beans in cloth bags.①
The bean shells are removed.②
Beans are changed in the fermentation process.③
Cocoa butter is removed from liquid in molds.④
The beans are dried.⑤
Conching takes place.⑥
The chocolate is wrapped in packages for shipping.⑦
Nibs become liquid in the grinding process.⑧
Cleaned beans are blended and roasted.⑨
The pods are cut open, and the beans are scooped out.⑩
Cocoa powder is sent to bakeries and dairies.⑪
The bean pods are removed from the cacao tree.⑫

✏️ 练习二 · 主语与谓语 Subjects & Predicates

题目：圈出每句的简单主语（谁/什么，不带修饰词）和简单谓语（做什么，核心动词）。操作：点击单词循环选择——第 1 下圈成主语，第 2 下圈成谓语，第 3 下取消。每句各圈一个。

1 The pods look like little footballs.
2 A skilled pod breaker cuts open the pods.
3 A worker scoops out the beans.
4 Fermentation changes the beans.
5 Hot air dries the beans.
6 Chocolate makers get the beans in large cloth bags.
7 They roast the beans to bring out the chocolate flavor.
8 Conching is the final step.
9 Molds hold the melted chocolate.
10 Candy stores sell chocolate bars.
💡 小提示：简单主语只是「核心名词」——A skilled pod breaker cuts… 里完整主语是一长串，简单主语只有 breaker；简单谓语就是那个核心动词 cuts。

🔗 练习三 · 词汇连线 Vocabulary · Content Overview

题目：把左边 11 个词汇和右边 a–k 的释义配对——每个词选一个字母。全部连完，再从上面任选 2 个词各写一个自己的英文句子。

a the soft part inside a plant's stem or fruit
b the tree from which we get chocolate
c a long, thin part on some plants in which peas or other seeds are found
d large farms with many workers
e the process of smoothing a chocolate mixture
f a long, thick knife
g a natural changing process that occurs in many foods and plants
h eat or buy
i machines that use animal, wind, or steam power to grind things
j the different food items that go into a dish or recipe
k a spicy Mexican sauce made with chili and strong chocolate
plantations
consume
pulp
cacao
pods
fermentation
ingredients
mills
conching
mole
machete

✍️ 自选 2 词造句（Choose Two Words）

从 11 个词里挑 2 个，各写一句英文句子并把这个词用进去。写完点下面的按钮检查句子里有没有真的用到所选的词。